Thursday 26 August 2010

Medieval Literature

Medieval Literature
MEDIEVAL LITERATURE: HEROES, MONSTERS and POETS

The Medieval Period marked the transformation from oral to written literature, from pagan to Christian religion, from myth to recorded history, from political chaos to social order, from Old Roman power to the rise of Northern Europe, from Old English (a more Germanic Language) to the Modern English of Shakespeare. This period, roughly from the fall of Rome in 476 A.D. to the beginning of the Renaissance (which in England occurred during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, who took power in 1558 A.D.), sees the formation of new World Order that is the foundation of Western Culture and the Americas. The literature produced during this time suggests a pre-historic warrior culture, but with a mix of Christian philosophy and satire. By studying this period we become more aware of where Europe came from and aware of how myths change to reflect the values of a culture. We also see glimpses of old myths that our society still clings to and holds dear.

This unit will explore medieval literature that revolves around warriors, heroes, monsters and the ideas of chivalry. We will look at the warrior culture and the roles of individuals in these cultures—particularly the roles of the King (and what makes a good king), the role of the warrior, the roles of women, and the roles of poets (skalds) or storytellers. We will look at the different ideas of afterlife, or the idea of Christianity vs. Paganism, the themes of loyalty, pride, magic and magic’s use in the world (especially in worlds associated with Christianity and/or paganism). We will look at the theme of man alone in a hostile world, why hospitality was important, banishment as a form of punishment and blood-money as a form of justice, and the concept of fate (as in “It’s a good day to die” mentality). We will also discuss the oral tradition and contrast it with the written, and we will view how the English language came to be what it is—meaning we will look at Old English and Middle English and Modern English.

We will read the following texts: “The Death of Concobar” – a story from the Ulster Hero Cycle; “Branwen” – the 2nd branch of the Mabinogion about the war between Wales and Ireland because of the mistreatment of a queen and bad hospitality. The old Anglo-Saxon poems: “The Battle of Muldon”, “The Seafarer”, “The Wanderer”, “A Wife’s Lament”. “Beowulf”, “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”, “The Death of King Arthur”, sections from the Canterbury Tales, possibly the Saga of King Hrolf Kraki and his Champions, J.R. Tolkien’s “Monsters and the Critics” and his sequel to “The Battle of Maldon” and others.

For this unit you will have a final project, a final test, an essay assignment, at least one creative writing assignment, and various quizzes on various books. We will view a bit of history and look into the humor and cruelty of an ancient world.


STUDY GUIDE and OBJECTIVES: Things you should know by end of Unit.

Note: Most importantly you should look back through your notes and returned quizzes, tests and assignments and read over them.

TEXTS that you will need to know (and I mean know beyond comprehension), be able to relate to themes, to other texts with similar themes (compare and contrast), be able to explain symbols, make arguments about actions of characters, etc.

“The Death of Conchobhar”
“Branwen, Daughter of Llyr”
“The Battle of Muldon”, “The Seafarer”, “The Wanderer”, “The Wife’s Lament”
Beowulf
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Canterbury Tales

THEMES: The Corruption of Power, Christianity vs. Paganism, Man Alone in a Hostile World, The Roles of Woman, The Role of Christianity, The Roles of Kings and Warriors, Loyalty, Pride, The Role of Magic, Fate, Faith, Bloody-Money as a form of Punishment, Banishment, Good vs. Evil, Hospitality, The Transitory Nature of Life, and any others we have talked about.

Some Definitions you’ll need to remember: Wergild, wyrd, kenning, alliteration, epic hero, epic poem, epic boast, romantic literature, chivalry

List of Characters that you will need to know: Conchobhar, Cet, Meis-Geghra, Finghin, Brandigiefran, Branwen, Maholwch, Manawydan, Efnisien, Nisien, Beowulf, Grendal, Hygelac, Hrothgar, Shield Sheafson, Wulfgar, Wiglaf, Unferth, Finn, Siegmund, Weltheow, Morgan Le Fay, Sir Gawain, King Arthur, The Green Knight, The Mistress, all the characters from “The Canterbury Tales”

For major characters (or protagonists) make sure you can discuss character flaws and what those flaws are meant to do – or how they inform us of someone larger idea.

Motifs: ambush, birds and horses, the mutilation of horses, betrayal while the king is away, divine protection, the troublemaker, beheading, kin killing, important of ancestors, reputation, the arming of the warrior, the fairy world, green

Symbols: the brain-ball, the cauldron of resurrection, Heorot, Grendal, the Dragon, the fiery lake (and Grendal’s mothers’ liar), hrunting, the giant’s sword, Gawain’s shield, the girdle (remember characters themselves can also be symbols)

Allusions: for each story or book be able to pick out some allusions and link them to a theme

Irony: For each story or book be able to pick out some ironies
Make sure you keep a list of events from any book or story that backs up a theme. You will need to use examples. Specific examples.

You will need to be able to compare and contrast the four poems – Battle of Muldon, The Seafarer, The Wanderer, The Wife’s Lament—with each other and/or be able to connect to a theme and used to back up a larger book (such as Beowulf).

Be able to generalize the differences between the following: Anglo-Saxon, Celtic, and Welsh literature, between Old English and Middle English, between the ideas of Sir Gawain and The Canterbury Tales.

Objectives: By the end of this unit some of the things students should be able to do include

1) Define wergild and give examples from various stories on how it works and why it was important as a form of justice
2) Define wyrd and give examples of heroes that followed this idea or code of life. Explain with examples why it was important to warrior society.
3) Define kenning and give examples
4) Define alliteration and give examples from alliterative poems
5) Define Epic Hero and Epic Poem
6) Keep a list of characters and be able to describe them and compare them to characters from other stories in relation to themes
7) Define chivalry and describe how certain characters followed the chivalric code.
8) Keep a list of symbols and relate these to major themes
9) Keep a list of motifs involving “types of stories” or events that reoccur in oral tradition
10) Be able to describe the rules and structure of warrior society
11) Define scop and discuss the important of poets in some of these stories
12) Discuss flaws of characters and how these flaws cause characters downfall
13) Compare the Seafarer, Wanderer, Wife’s Lament by relating them to warrior society
14) Discuss irony (and type) in each of these works
15) Define “Frame Story”
16) Define and give elements of a “saga”
17) Keep a list of events and descriptions that help you explore the following themes: Man Alone in A Hostile World, Paganism vs. Christianity, The Role of Kings, The Role of Warriors, The Role of Women, The Idea of Honor, Good vs. Evil, Loyalty, Pride, Hospitality, The transitory nature of life.
18) Define and give examples of allegory, allusion, personification, caesura, litotes, and aphorism

History of Writing

NOTES:

The Spread of Writing

Egypt: 3100 B.C. – records of history or propaganda

Writing was first used as a tool to suppress the lower classes

Phoenician (Syria) – first modern alphabet that spreads to Greece and then to Rome

Babylon: The Epic of Gilgamesh – 2100 B.C. (this Epic includes a story of the great flood, Gilgamesh in the underworld, the first idea of what a hero-warrior). Homer knew this Epic and adapted from it.

Greece: The Iliad
The Odysseus

Homer – 800 B.C.

Herodotus – Helen was never in Egypt
Pindar – Homer was born in Turkey

Alexander the Great – slept with the Iliad under his pillow and was inspired by it. He brought writing to much of the world. He spread books to Arabic countries. Hellenistic Age.

ROME: The Aeneid – Virgil 29 – 19 B.C.

Aeneas refers back to the Iliad

120 A.D. Rome has conquered Gaul (France), Spain, England and most of the Mediterranean into Asia and Africa. Rome spreads learning and writing.

400 A.D. Rome leaves Great Britain

476 A.D. The Roman Empire ends and thus begins the Medieval Ages

300-500 A.D. Conchobhar King

900 A.D. Beowulf is written down in Old English thus beginning English lit

1100-1400 A.D. Icelandic Sagas written down

1300-1400 A.D. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Canterbury Tales

1485 Le Morte D’Arthur

Notes: Quality of Kings and Warriors; Warrior Culture

Qualities of a King

Acts as peace keeper
Acts as Ambassador
Be a good host
Compassionate
Good Speaker
Loyal to his country
Sacrifices for his country
Ring giver or sharer of treasure
Rewards his warriors or knights
Law Giver and Judge
Fair in decisions
Good listening
Puts country before self
Noble, decisive, respectful
Punishes those who must be punished
Pays blood money or wergild when necessary
Handles pressure, doesn’t lose his temper easily
Keeps his word
Intelligent and wise
Stands for the beliefs of his country
Stands as a symbol of his country


Qualities of Warrior Tradition

Reputation most important thing for both Warrior and King
Honor – if honor is broken revenge is necessary
Loyality connection between King and his warriors
Warriors follow commands of King and protect him, King rewards them with food, shelter, treasure
Oath of Faithfulness exchanged between King and followers
Life after death based on deeds done in one’s life so that the poets will sing
Wergild vs Blood Revenge (blood money as a form of justice)
Banishment as a form of punishment
Murder of one’s family as the greatest sin
Importance of Hospitality
Wyrd – The Role of Fate (Destiny – Norns)

“Since a man may not avert his destiny, he should suffer it well.”

Qualities of Warrior

Superior physical and mental strength
Superior Morals – stands as symbol for his people
Superior Intelligence, Cunning, Mental toughness
Seeks or has done great deeds to build reputation
Honorable
Follows the command of his King, loyal to king and country
Brave, Courageous
Willing to risk life for others
Follows the idea of Wyrd
Self-Honor – important concept
Self-sacrifice, selfless
Leadership
Noble, chivalric (? – depends on tradition), just
Keeps the peace
Team player (?)

English 12 Syllabus

English 12
Course Syllabus: 2010-11
Instructor: Mr. Fielding
Phone: 983-3604

Course Description: British, World Literature and Composition

Emphasis: The accelerated development of critical literary skills and devices to use in the analysis of works of fiction, poetry, and non-fiction. The writing of formal essays, research papers, and creative fiction and poetry.

The primary purpose of English 11 is to provide an opportunity for students to expand their critical thinking and writing skills by focusing on some of the challenging material of American Literature. The course is similar to English 10 in the dissection of literature in the pursuit of analysis but the class will cover more material and the expectation of the student’s performance is much higher. We will also look at the history of the English Language while exploring works of literature that European and American culture.

We will build on the foundation established in English 11 for composing literary, persuasive, and reflective essays, and to produce an original research paper. Additionally, students will utilize proper writing conventions appropriate to their learning level. To accomplish this, students will actively read from an extensive selection spanning all literary genres, analyze these works, develop original theses, and share their ideas in formal compositions (persuasive, reflective, and analytical), class discussions, and oral presentations.

In other words the class will dissect literature (and literary genres) at the roots—for the roots beneath the tree are extensive and only by understanding those roots can one understand the entire tree. We will look at literature as an investigation, an exploration, an adventure. We will examine genres and themes and we will share our ideas, interests and findings by discussion and writing essays, poetry, and fiction and by doing research to find out more.

Texts: Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Canterbury Tales, Hamlet, Jonathan Swift, selections from Literature and Language Arts Textbook, among others.

JOURNALS/BLOGS

Students will be required to keep a blog throughout the year. This blog will be your journal writing for the year. In this blog/journal will be reading reflections, lists of literary devices found in stories and novels, creative assignments that correspond with readings, pre-writing exercises, analytic writing.

NOTE: I read every journal entry and you will lose points for skipping entries or not following directions. If you do not understand an assignment please ask.

GRADES:

Tests – 25% of overall grade
Papers—25% of overall grade
Projects—20% of overall grade
Quizzes, class work, homework—20% of overall grade
Journals/Blogs—10% of overall grade

Scale:

100- 93 = A
92.49- 90 = A-
89.49- 87 = B+
86.49-83.00 = B
82.49- 80.00 = B-
79.49-77.00 = C+
76.49- 73 = C
72.49-70.00 = C-
69.49-67.00 = D+
66.49- 63.00 = D
62.49- 60 = D-
Below 60 = F

Late Work: Mark down 10% per day. You are expected to turn in work on the deadlines due.

Required Materials:

1 Spiral Notebook (use as a journal)
1 Pocket Folders (to keep handouts, note guides, returned work)
1 Binder with loose paper

General Guidelines:

1. Be prepared when class begins. It is imperative that all pencils are sharpened and materials are ready when the bell rings.
2. Class discussions should be conducted in an orderly and respectful fashion.
3. Do not talk when I am talking.
4. I dismiss you, not the bell!
5. You may choose you own seat, but I reserve the right to assign seats or move you if I see the need.
Respect others and their property. This respect extends to remaining quiet during announcements, directions, lectures, and presentations. If you are talking someone else might not be able to hear.

Wednesday 25 August 2010

English 12

Hello! Look forward to seeing everyone in class. You should follow this blog for you never know what I might write.